Further differences between humans and dogs in the type and distribution of genetic influence on phenotypes are explored next. These perceptions linger in present-day U. Exploring the biology underlying these physical characteristics helps refute the human race dog breed analogy.
If we consider similar phenotypic traits that also vary in dogs we find that the genotypes underlying these phenotypes involve fewer genes than in humans. This phenomenon is consistent with the lower total genetic diversity within dog breeds compared to U. For the ten major dog fur phenotypes short; wire; wire and curly; long; long and furnishings; curly; curly and furnishings; hairless torso with long hair on head, feet, and tail; hairless torso with short hair on head feet, and tail; and hairless , different combinations of two alleles at only five genes sort them all, with few known exceptions Parker et al.
In contrast, the seven genes thus far associated with hair curliness in humans can explain only a small fraction of the total variation within or between groups Eriksson et al. The biology of pigmentation may be equally simple in dogs, in contrast to what is well-known for humans.
Studies focusing on variation in human skin color within European populations Beleza et al. However, recent studies focusing on non-European populations have identified more than 50 additional loci that affect skin pigmentation within Africa Martin et al.
This reflects the tremendous amount of variation in both skin color and genetics within the African continent and demonstrates that skin pigmentation in humans may be governed by hundreds of loci, including many with complex interactions and minor, but important, effects on phenotypes Quillen et al. Additionally, recent work has identified novel mutations contributing to lighter skin pigmentation in East Asian and Native American populations Adhikari et al.
Due to the shared mechanisms underlying skin and hair pigmentation in humans, a subset of genes implicated in skin pigmentation variation also influence hair pigmentation Sulem et al. However, the genetic architecture of coat color in dogs seems far simpler—currently there are only nine genes known to influence dog coat color and pattern five of which are associated with coat color specifically Kaelin and Barsh In terms of stature, human populations vary around the world, and height differs within and among the five races defined by the U.
Data from the Centers for Disease Control Fryar et al. The median white man of the, on average, tallest racial group among U. The distribution of variation in stature within human populations is broad and very different from that seen in dog breeds. The height distributions of men in the U. Both groups overlap even more substantially with black men. It is also worth noting that the difference in median height between men and women of a single U. Consider the tallest Manute Bol at cm or 91 in. While they represent extremes of the human male height distribution, Bol is only 1.
In contrast, dog breed differences in stature are far greater than what is observed across U. The median shoulder height in Great Danes 76 cm, 30 in. When scaled to human height, this would be equivalent to a difference of Years of breeding to divergent standards combined with low genetic diversity has resulted in limited and non-overlapping height variation for many breeds Sutter et al. Height, like most traits in humans, is extremely complex, meaning it is regulated by a large number of genes the vast majority of which show nearly identical variation across all human populations plus environmental factors.
It takes more than genetic loci to explain only half of human height variation Wood et al. Considering dogs, one haplotype in IGF1 explains These differences between humans and dogs in the genetic complexity and the diversity of their traits are due to the distinct impact of artificial selection on dogs. Human genetic variation has been shaped over many generations by relatively weak natural selection on most traits, including height.
For example, natural selection on height may occur in certain climate conditions where being taller or shorter may amount to some thermoregulatory or metabolic boost to reproductive success.
However, even in populations where height or skin color or any other such variable trait is under selection, the majority of individuals across the phenotypic spectrum will still reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation. As a result, human populations are genetically very similar to one another with overlapping phenotypes.
In contrast, modern purebred dogs exist almost entirely due to artificial selection; their mating is controlled by humans to produce offspring with desired traits. To do this, animals with rare genetic mutations, like those with the dwarf variant of IGF1 , are bred together for several generations, acting against the natural accumulation of genetic variation i.
Dog breeds seem to be so distinct from one another in many conspicuous traits because, relative to human groups, they are. This is true in terms of the extreme differences in physical traits seen between dog breeds, whereas U. There are clear and important biological differences between the categories of U. But such criticisms only illustrate the subjective, sociocultural construction of the categories humans define as race.
While definitions and perceptions of racial categories vary person to person, culture to culture, and throughout time, dog breeds are strictly defined in their breed standards. For example, here is the Portuguese Water Dog Fig. The Portuguese Water Dog is a swimmer and diver of exceptional ability and stamina, who aided his master at sea by retrieving broken nets, herding schools of fish, and carrying messages between boats and to shore. He is a loyal companion and alert guard. This highly intelligent utilitarian breed is distinguished by two coat types, either curly or wavy; an impressive head of considerable breadth and well proportioned mass; a ruggedly built, well-knit body; and a powerful, thickly based tail, carried gallantly or used purposefully as a rudder.
The Portuguese Water Dog provides an indelible impression of strength, spirit, and soundness. All AKC breed standards include physical and behavioral traits, and describe an ideal condition. For physician and anatomist J. In that piece the authors challenge researchers to consider a paradox first noted by Dobzhansky : while race can be a tool to elucidate human genetic diversity, it is a blunt implement that does a poor job of explaining actual relationships between ancestry and genetics.
Yudell and colleagues charge researchers and scientific societies to think critically about, and to justify their use of, particular categories to describe human diversity. Careful consideration of the terminology used in biomedical studies forces both scientists and the public to more clearly understand the questions being asked and the variables used to do so. The goal is not to ignore patterns of human biological or genetic diversity, but rather to identify new methods to explore these patterns that do not reproduce the harm caused when human biological variation is treated as a mere synonym for racial categories built on the hierarchical organization of people.
In resisting the scientifically historical idea of race where separate human groups were ranked hierarchically, C. Emphasizing the sociocultural construction of race in no way diminishes the reality of race as a powerful phenomenon. Rather, racial experience is emphasized as an embodied experience that is as real and as valid as biological variation. Yudell et al. Such research is important to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities in socioculturally defined groups.
According to a survey by Wagner et al. Here is a glance at the orientation within that anthropological majority:. To a first approximation, then, we mean that, unlike a naively regarded fact of nature, which is presumably there to be observed and transparently understood, race is a product of history; and although it is often associated with variation in biological form, it is inherited according to cultural, not biological, rules.
It can only be grasped through the humanities: historically, experientially, politically. Race involves imposing some cultural patterns upon human differences. Troubles arise when social predilections lead us to mistake cultural facts for biological ones and vice versa. Races are not merely human divisions, they are politically salient human divisions. All classifications exist to serve a purpose; the purpose of a racial classification is to naturalize human differences—that is, to establish important categories and make their distinctions appear to be rooted in nature, rather than in history or politics.
Yet, dog breeding standards influence assumptions about hard-wired behavior characterizing and differentiating human groups. The jump from clustered physical variation to the assertion of superior and inferior, biologically-based behavioral variation at the group level is the crux of the matter. From this mistaken perspective, the notion of race as a social construct is seen as absurd and so is down-playing the biological basis for race, because to do so is to be willfully stupid, ignorantly anti-science, or brainwashed by a politically correct denial of reality.
First, they establish that medical approaches to both human and dog disease share similarities; individual dogs and humans can be sensitive to different drugs and this is sometimes due to inherited genetic variants, which means that the risk varies between dog breeds and between human races.
Then, they ease into a discussion of an experiment where a scientist noted individual behavioral differences among several puppies of different breeds. First of all, as we have shown, the dog breed-human race analogy is not biologically sound—it assumes race as a natural biological category of humans, a priori.
Second and inextricably related, the analogy denies sociocultural context, both past and present. What is more, it includes unquestioned and largely unfounded assumptions about genetically-determined and predictable human behavior. Scientists are still discovering whether and how dog behaviors are breed-specific and, when they are, how heritable they are. There is much known but also much more to learn about what else influences behavioral variation among dogs like weaning age, diet, and other conditions during development.
A recent meta-analysis of the heritability of dog behavior concluded that not only are breed standards poorly aligned with the actual behaviors of the breeds they aim to define, but they describe behaviors with little genetic component in the first place Hradecka et al. These meta studies emphasize that variable behavior within breeds is often overlooked. They also highlight how difficult it is to operationalize behaviors like aggression and intelligence and how difficult it is to measure and compare intelligence in dogs; some dogs solve problems thanks to their relatively heightened senses of smell, while for others it is thanks to their higher energy that keeps them active long enough to solve the problem by chance Mehrkam and Wynne In the zeitgeist, scientific enthusiasm for genetics has encouraged genetic essentialism, which is the tendency to consider genetic outcomes to be immutable and determined, to prioritize the influence of genes on complex outcomes, to view groups with shared genetic heritage as homogeneous and discrete, and to view genetic outcomes as the most natural and even to be the most morally acceptable Dar-Nimrod and Heine Genetic essentialism, where genes are synonymous with essence, is fertile ground for beliefs that meaningful, distinctive individual behaviors have a predictive individual biological basis even in the absence of any identified genes.
Variation in human behavior has its roots in both complex genetic and non-genetic factors. Claims that such factors, or their interactions, map neatly onto geographically and socially constructed human groups and can be used to predict behavioral traits associated with such groups, or of an individual member of a group, are not scientifically supported.
Hierarchical ranking of human races is also inherently competitive, which is just one reason why outdated and overly simplistic conceptions of evolutionary biology have historically paired with racism, and still do.
Within this racist framework, hindsight paints the dominant group as the more genetically intelligent and naturally selected one, justifying its dominance with perceived biological superiority. In many cases, perpetual mutation and drift are enough to explain evolutionary divergence Hedges et al. The need for such a foundation or some intellectual justification for the enslavement of Africans and the oppression and exploitation of indigenous peoples during the period of European colonization and its subsequent racisms—without question motivated belief in human races [as real and important, biologically differentiated types of humans].
People, scientists and nonscientists alike, are susceptible to the same biased thinking and assumptions as they make sense of human biological variation and human social, economic, and political inequality and the intersections of those phenomena. Over 30 years ago, biology educator, Vance described this problem and how educators were complicit. He argued that scientists and science educators are racist if they are not actively facing the racism that appeals to science.
Science educator Brian Donovan is attempting to engage exactly as Vance suggests with junior high school biology students. Figure 1 from Donovan , but with our addition of the red box. He also found that they were less interested in socializing across racial lines and were more opposed to policies aimed at reducing racial inequalities in education. But, if it does, it should also teach students that inequality can be sustained when people are led to believe that racial difference is genetic.
The existence of the erroneous human race-dog breed analogy suggests that there may be unintended negative consequences of using artificial selection as a model for teaching natural selection. Since artificial selection can produce relatively discrete between group variation and low heterozygosity in a short period of time, perhaps models of artificial selection as teaching tools are inappropriate for middle or high school biology education.
Perhaps the answer is not to take artificial selection out of curricula because dogs, cats and other familiar organisms make for engaging pedagogy , but to explicitly and rigorously juxtapose it against the rest of evolution.
For example, hands-on activities that explore the different ways that evolutionary forces such as selection, gene flow, and drift e. Lee et al. This paper bridges academic literature and popular culture. Not an insignificant proportion of Americans refuse mainstream academic knowledge; our paper offers a way forward for those caught up in that culture regarding race.
The dog breed-human race analogy is destructive; if folks see how it does not stand up to biology, then maybe they will better understand the complexity and significance of race. Several decades ago, well before most of the research we cited here was possible, Montagu covered familiar territory:.
The Irish setter, for example, is always red-haired, but his red hair has no connection with his temperamental qualities. The Irish setter has the same kind of temperament as the English setter, but the hair color of the English setter is white and black. The only difference between the white, the black, the white and black, and the red setters is in their coat color; there are no significant differences in their mental or temperamental qualities.
No one ever asks whether there are mental and temperamental differences between white, black, or brown horses—such a question would seem rather silly.
When, however, it comes to man, the prejudice of anyone who has ever made the statement that skin color is associated with mental capacity is accepted as gospel. For such an assumption there is about as much justification as there would be for the assumption that there exist substantial differences between different color varieties of setters. We know this to be false concerning setters only because we have paid more unprejudiced attention to the mental qualities of dogs than we have to those of human beings.
Scholars and critics may assert that because science has a history of encouraging racialism, scientific racism, and racist appeals to science, then science should step aside in this endeavor. But we believe that racist appeals to science deserve scientific rebukes, at least as one kind of strategy among many. While we have attempted here to address one very specific belief about human variation, it is embedded in widespread, biased assumptions about dogs and within a dauntingly complex history of science and its sociocultural consequences.
Anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, geneticists, scientists, scholars, academics, teachers, writers, journalists, parents, and citizens must move the popular conception of human evolution and human variation past the days of Blumenbach and Darwin. To do so means to question not just what we think we know about ourselves but what we think we know about everything around us too.
Being so familiar and so widely adored, dogs have significant potential to untether racism from evolutionary biology, for good.
Toward that end, we showed that the categories we impose on humans and dogs are different in important ways, and that the comparison lends no science to racism. Equating the differences between two human beings to the idealized differences between a greyhound and a bulldog is the province of poetry or prejudice, not science. Nat Commun. Adhikari K, et al. American Association of Physical Biological Anthropologists. AAPA statement on race and racism.
Accessed 10 June American Kennel Club. Accessed 5 Apr American Society of Human Genetics. ASHG denounces attempts to link genetics and racial supremacy. Am J Hum Genet. Human population genetic structure and inference of group membership. Genetic architecture of skin and eye color in an African-European admixed population.
The Egyptian Danaus became king of Argos, and his daughter, Hypermestra, was an ancestor of the greatest of all Greek heroes, Herakles Hercules. Perseus, who slew the Gorgon Medusa, married an Ethiopian woman, Andromeda, and their children established the most powerful of all the Bronze Age Greek kingdoms, Mycenae.
Another example of this nonracial perspective is found in the Histories of Herodotus, who, in the 5th century B. This portrait of Africans is not unique. Cheddar Man shares a genetic profile with several other individuals found in Spain, Hungary and Luxembourg. Later, the ancestors of the people who built Stonehenge traveled west across the Mediterranean from Asia Minor, bringing farming with them and reaching Britain about 4, B. The truth is that we are all one human family that had its origins in Africa.
Amazingly, research by statistician Joseph Chang at Yale found that the most recent common ancestor of everyone alive today lived just 3, years ago. In other words, if you could trace your ancestry back less than generations, you would find at least one person who is the father or mother of us all. And the further back in time one looks, the more common ancestors we would find.
Why not bring up how hundreds of thousands of whites died fighting to free the slaves? Feel free to spend some time looking at the actual stats from FBI and other neutral sites. That ended decades ago. Check me out at eraseraces. They fought to preserve their way p of life—free labor. Cynthia Ward seems to believe that absolutely zero white people fought on the side of tbe Union. Wait so your calling all white people primitive, hateful, fearful and essentially sub-human?
Seems a bit racist. I cant remember the name , but there is an interesting documented example of a group of townsfolk in the north of the country were so appalled by what they had learned, they couldnt bloody believe it ; downed tools that meant no pay for people who are already poor and walked all the way to London many, many miles away no doubt getting support along the way; to protest. Our species has been violent and continues to be violent… i thnk the question should be , what can we do as a species to acknowledge our properderence to violence and ensure effective controls are in place to minimise it.
Enhancing our cultures, exchanging the best bits, supporting each other etc its a huge subject area but must be solved if we wish to avoid extinction.
So, you know…. Please re-read the article. While it is admirable that you are taking aim at White Supremacist tropes, you are mis-interpreting many of the points made about genetics by the author. What a joke. You sound so jealous. Only white race has hatred and fear? Perhaps you should read a bit more about Asian and African history. The Shaka Zulu story is a good example of discriminatory and predatory behaviour of a leading African tribe against neighbouring tribes, not different from the experience in Europe or Asia.
Quite reminiscent in fact of German ascendancy in Europe. As for Asia, you could not be more wrong: fear and hatred in abundance. You should ponder on this. How is it that Mesopotamian, Nile and, later, Greek races developed to such superior cultural levels?
Which traits did any of these borrow from African tribes? Interesting, no? Weather has no bearing on success. Race and Culture are very important building blocks for success. The Whites have both. When the Whites ruled Zimbabwe it was a prosperous country with all natural resources fully capitalized; what happened when they left? All that the native government and people had to do was to just carry on with the building blocks built by the colonizers; instead, they unleashed their atavistic instincts on their own land and people and degraded everything great they once had.
South Africa is not far behind. Empirical evidence exposes it all. Show one country in the entire globe where the Whites went except for 5 countries, they colonized everything which did not prosper. Countries like India and other Asian countries which are now successful at least carried on with the building blocks of success set up by the Whites: hence, they are prospering.
Show one African country that is succeeding! Sounds taunting or provoking, but that is the sad reality. Even Asian countries that are doing so well in science and technology, commerce and contracts, are not innovators, but those who have copied from the Western White and even improved.
Even for that there is a need for innate capabilities. The bottom line is clear as daylight. Race is not a myth: it is a reality- maybe it is an offensive reality. Africa developed rice for example concurrently with China.
Africa has had its own kingdoms and still retains the richest person that ever lived. What have you been smoking.
Racist comments, one and all. Did you read this article at all? There is no proof that there are separate human races. We are all one race. Thanks for attempting to restore the sanity. You are correct. We are one race. I am part neanderthal and white peope are full of fear and modern media compounds the problem by feeding our fears.
You do realize that you are making generalizations about people based on race, which is, by definition, racism. I am mostly northern European in ancestry, and it never occurred to be to consider myself superior or exile people from other races. This is because we are not many. We are one! We must stop explaining racism, or justify racism, or vilifying racists based on their race. The value-of-a-person-is-based-on-their-ancestry notion must DIE. It is the source of most of the great holocausts in our history and creates massive conflict to this day.
It is absolutely, unequivocally ridiculous. I have also come to this conclusion. Whites are primitive and fearful, for an unknown reason. Perhaps it is genetics. But I think one day science will have the answer. I thought only the evil white man could be so violent???? What you wrote comes from a fearful and hateful mind and soul. Are you caucasian? I do not see as many caucasians acting as you claim as I see people of other genetic backgrounds acting as you describe.
Your entire diatribe is nonsense, hypocrisy and pure bull shit. Your tripe just exposed you as both an idiot and a racist! The article by Vivian Chau was a lesson on political bias masquerading as science. The jabs at President Trump and the White House totally reduces your attempt at an interesting article to no more than propaganda and trash. I agree totally. This was a political article,not a scientific one.
And can I just point out a truth? Our president and the people who support his efforts to protect our country are NOT racists.
That includes me. I judge people on their belief systems and what they DO…not on their color, or their race. That means nothing. But those who hate us and want to harm us are not welcome here…those laws have been on the books for decades,they are not the invention of Trump. The liberal media twists every truth into a lie they can use to get Power.
It makes me sick. I refuse to accept the politically motivated labels they put on me. I know the truth. More Americans are now employed than ever recorded before in our history. We have created more than , manufacturing jobs since my election. Economic growth last quarter hit 4. New unemployment claims recently hit a year low. Median household income has hit highest level ever recorded. African-American unemployment has recently achieved the lowest rate ever recorded. Hispanic-American unemployment is at the lowest rate ever recorded.
Asian-American unemployment recently achieved the lowest rate ever recorded. Youth unemployment has recently hit the lowest rate in nearly half a century. Lowest unemployment rate ever recorded for Americans without a high school diploma. Almost 3.
Retail sales surged last month, up another 6 percent over last year. Signed the biggest package of tax cuts and reforms in history. As a result of our tax bill, small businesses will have the lowest top marginal tax rate in more than 80 years.
Helped win U. Record number of regulations eliminated. Enacted regulatory relief for community banks and credit unions. Obamacare individual mandate penalty GONE. My Administration is providing more affordable healthcare options for Americans through association health plans and short-term duration plans.
Last month, the FDA approved more affordable generic drugs than ever before in history. And thanks to our efforts, many drug companies are freezing or reversing planned price increases.
We reformed the Medicare program to stop hospitals from overcharging low-income seniors on their drugs—saving seniors hundreds of millions of dollars this year alone.
Signed Right-To-Try legislation. We have reduced high-dose opioid prescriptions by 16 percent during my first year in office. Increased our coal exports by 60 percent; U.
United States is a net natural gas exporter for the first time since Cancelled the illegal, anti-coal, so-called Clean Power Plan. Process has begun to make the Space Force the 6th branch of the Armed Forces. Confirmed more circuit court judges than any other new administration.
Withdrew from the horrible, one-sided Iran Deal. Moved U. Embassy to Jerusalem. Issued Executive Order to keep open Guantanamo Bay. Just one. What merit is it? Ride On , How faux moral supremacist do not see their own racism! How come Nazi Germany did not abolish private property and private corporations if they were socialists? As a Graduate chemist at Emory studying genetics, I assure this article has narrative, and is lying to you. Racial differences are largely caused by genetics- not environment.
Considerable differences in traits exist between races and ethnicities within those races. Some have blue eyes, some exclusively brown; some are shorter, some are taller; some are more intelligent, some are less- these are all in relative comparison to the averages. Height is heavily influenced by genetics. The dutch are the tallest groups of people, and we can map the genetic markers that cause this. However, if we give proper nutrition to a random dutch and random Koreans from birth, the dutch will be much taller on average.
Now environment has no effect on intelligence. This is true in their adulthood as well. These were all true in as well. The environment has no effect on intelligence??? Just as you stated that if you starve Dutchmen…they might be shorter than Koreans, the same could be said about intelligence.
Genetics do have a role in intelligence, but the environment a child grows up in is a major factor, too. I disagree as I have seen people in poverty overcome disparities and become more successful than those with wealth and privilege.
That has to be generics…. Jews were journeymen. Where do you think the genetic differences come from? Have you read the theory of evolution, or even glanced at its basic principles? They are literally shaped by their environment. Otherwise the mutations created by these genetics would mean that random traits would be the most common genetic factor.
The fact that everyone is different from one another. Are you telling me skin color just appeared in all people randomly at the same time in a specific area of the world because of genetics alone? Could you be more wrong? You should study biology and conduct some experiments in black box recombinant genome mapping. If you do not agree that there is more variation within ancestral groups debunked term races than between them, you do not even comprehend the basics of what we have already learned.
My advice, stick to your discipline! Just differently evolved. For simple example- dark skin is better for survival if you live in a region of high solar radiation. More racist lies…nothing to do with whites and Asians being more evolved. It simply means everybody outside of Africa had to adapt more to their environment but genetically, you are exactly the same.
Every phenotype can be found in Africa….. Caucasians look Nilotic…. Native Americans look Nilotic and Surmic. Australian Aborigines look Bantu and so forth. Same with Jews. IQ is not nature but nurture. To do so would render you apathetic and apathy is not advantageous for any culture or society. Where do you think depression, anxiety, narcissistic personality disorder, anti social personality disorder, somatic disorders, deviant behavior disorders, sexual abuse, physical abuse comes from?
Trump tapped in to that, smartly so, and therefore he got the votes. Also, if a person can brown pride or black pride, than they also can white pride. Personally, I think race or skin color pride of any variety is silly, and possibly racist. I believe fighting with science is futile — much better to accept the differences and focus on fighting racism.
Where are the group or groups of chimpanzees that homo sapiens descended from? Should be genetic evidence everywhere but there is none. However, there is plenty of genetic evidence that tracks where homo sapiens originated from.
Just an example of someone who is clever at masking primitive human behavior and presenting inauthenticity. Remember, serial killers are successful because they wear masks to hide their primitive behavior. Sight has been the curse of homo sapiens! IQs are not biological but nurture based. The higher the IQ, the more abuse and narcissism occurs in the home as well as the prevalence of apathy….. And anyone who raises that fact is labeled a racist.
We also know that every environment has a species that is best suited for it and thrives the most. We also know that within that species there is an individual or group that is most suited for that environment and thrives even more so.
We also know that cats and dogs are found on every continent along with roaches and rats too. I mean good grief, do people not realize that humans and animals are very good at adaptation…. Are you under the assumption that homo sapiens just showed up on different continents and were automatically suited to their environment? While I agree with the sentiment here. We do have to factor the politics and funding involved in these types excavations that will delay the truth from being found.
Other than that ancestry is the word that people fear the most because without it you only have the race argument. I wonder how a Data Scientist working at MicroSoft is qualified to lecture us all about genetics. How about proving you know what you are talking about by publishing this in a Journal specializing in genetics? It did NOT stop , years ago with H sapien sapien. Like their religious counterparts, they also deny evolution on theological grounds. The bomb threats like all hate crime bs is a hoax.
Keeping to ourselves and having our own laws rules and culture was not racist. It was to protect us from others who would force us to live different or take advantage. Our army has been used to fight your wars.
Guilted like we have no right to be left alone. Like every other race who wants left alone. You may use the argument that all dogs share Africans were the originators of this earth and we are a hybrid race of aliens. Ironically the only thing missing from your article is how much those same sciences contributed to the problem they now claim to be rid of. Yes they disproved purity. But to suggest that a little difference genetically should be ignored.
Is the worst kind of whitewashing. Academically, especially the medical field and the field of statistics are suggesting the topic is more complicated. But neither predicts or determines the other. All your article proves is that there are no all or nothing in humans. No purity. Thought that was given. Instead we play semantics with ethnicity by calling it ancestry. It reminds me of the whole color blind debate. Race for ethnicity disguised as ancestry. Let us know when that gets uncomfortable and we can hit reset.
Thank you so much for this clarity. Thank you! The elephant in the room is of course the low IQs scored by black people everywhere. They are in the US and every where else on the planet disproportionately responsible for violent crime. There are of course no white men in the Olympic m final. None of this reality should lead to racism. After all, Asians on average score somewhat higher than whites in a traditional IQ test. And whites in turn score a bit higher than blacks.
Do note, this very likely reflects average educational level and other factors and not race. It is very unlikely that intelligence as it is measured is hereditary only. There are numerous other factors which could explain the differences found.
Factors like culturally determined attitude towards work, socioeconomic status, health and educational differences are divided unequally between races. In fact it would be illogical if no differences would be found between races. Is a German Shepherd a Golden Retriever?
Is a Lion a Tiger? No they make a Liger. They are making a hybrid. This article is full of contradiction and opinion. We can be scientific with every other species, let give our own the same respect. We are made of several hominids and are still figuring out who we are and what we will become. Also, most of these comments must have been written on cell phones late at night. Lots and lots of spelling and punctuation errors, in addition to the pseudo science. Only Harvard would be deluded enough to publish an article about genetics with lots of underlying political narrative from a Microsoft data scientist.
Watch closely how the baby does or does not stay focused on the parent holding them in speaking to them. Some different races of babies will stay focused on the parents face and keep staring at the moving lips for the blinking eyes.
That shows that those particular races of babies can mentally stay focused long enough on various things that are happening around them which improves their mental ability of learning and understanding.
Do you want to know what those two races are? Do you have the guts and mental ability to accept what is extremely obvious? And do you want to know why? Because the particular various Asian and Caucasian people around the world during the last years or longer did NOT allow Genetic Incest to occur in their villages because they knew of how destructive it is to the mental and physical health. And for you illiterate idiots out there: the definition of Genetic Incest is when family members have children from the same family members.
Mean while China are stealing all our IP left right and centre and will just come and crush us anyway. Black, white yellow, green stick to your own and shut the hell up and get on with it. An interesting hypothetical: What do you think the world would be like if there were races according to biology?
For instance, do you think it might foster greater tolerance for diversity, to name just one possibility? I think your article is intentionally misrepresenting information in an attempt to present a version of this argument that suits your ideological predispositions. You link to an Atlantic article which further attempts to obscure these findings claiming it as evidence that science has not found differences in intelligence when the Atlantic article itself concedes that there are in fact measurable differences in IQ between populations of people.
It is a sad day when our finest academic institutions are intentionally misrepresenting information to suit their ideological purposes. These findings are incendiary and can create issues including racist behavior; however, the idea that somehow you will be able to brush the findings under the rug will do nothing other than discredit you and your institutions opinion and reduce your ability to add important moral interpretations to the findings to avoid discriminatory behavior.
Where were you when I was completing my history degrees? Perhaps you should be a lecturer, except five very important things:. Your argument is you mounting a mighty fine, high horse with clearly nothing in the stable. The fact that you are so morally obligated without offering any scientific research, contributing to a critically-constructive dialogue, indicates you are a self-righteous moron. I care not if you are degreed. Hmmm scratching my head …I love circular logic. Either you are his son, or a wanna-be thief.
Differences between groups add up when they live in separate places for a long time. This means that we can sort some animals based on their appearance or their DNA. A long time ago, the words race and subspecies were used to mean the same thing in biology. This was before we knew how much or how little genes could differ between animals. We only use race when we talk about humans. We often try to group humans by race based on how they look. While humans may look different on the outside, our DNA looks very similar.
Because we are so similar, scientists say that we can't use race to sort humans either. Are humans really so alike? Comparisons of humans, emperor penguins, and chimpanzees. Which of these pairs of animals do you think has the most variation within their species? Take a look at the photos on the left.
There are three pairs of two members of the same species. Which pair do you think is more genetically similar? Would you guess Kanye West and Taylor Swift are more alike, or two penguins? What about Kanye and Taylor versus two chimps? It may surprise you to learn that penguins have twice as much genetic variation as humans do.
And this subspecies of chimp has more genetic variation than all the humans on earth.
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