The most common type of stone contains calcium. Calcium is a normal part of a healthy diet. The kidney usually removes extra calcium that the body doesn't need.
Often people with stones keep too much calcium. This calcium combines with waste products like oxalate to form a stone.
The most common combination is called calcium oxalate. Less common types of stones are: Infection-related stones, containing magnesium and ammonia called struvite stones and stones formed from monosodium urate crystals, called uric acid stones, which might be related to obesity and dietary factors.
The rarest type of stone is a cvstine stone that tends to run in families. Kidney stones increase the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
Drinking enough fluid will help keep your urine less concentrated with waste products. Darker urine is more concentrated, so your urine should appear very light yellow to clear if you are well hydrated. Most of the fluid you drink should be water. Most people should drink more than 12 glasses of water a day. Speak with a healthcare professional about the right amount of water that's best for you. Sugar and high-fructose corn syrup should be limited to small quantities. Eat more fruits and vegetables, which make the urine less acid.
When the urine is less acid, then stones may be less able to form. Animal protein produces urine that has more acid, which can then increase your risk for kidney stones.
You can reduce excess salt in your diet. What foods are high in salt? Everyone thinks of salty potato chips and French fries. Those should be rarely eaten. There are other products that are salty: sandwich meats, canned soups, packaged meals, and even sports drinks.
You want to try to get to a normal weight if you are overweight. But, high-protein weight loss diets that include high amounts of animal-based protein, as well as crash diets can add to the risk of stone formation. You need adequate protein, but it needs to be part of a balanced diet. Seek guidance from a registered dietitian when embarking on a weight loss diet or any dietary interventions to reduce the risk of kidney stones.
Don't be confused about having a "calcium" stone. Dairy products have calcium, but they actually help prevent stones, because calcium binds with oxalate before it gets into the kidneys. People with the lowest dietary calcium intake have an increased risk of kidney stones. A stone can form from salt, the waste products of protein, and potassium.
The most common type of kidney stone is a calcium oxalate stone. Most kidney stones are formed when oxalate, a by product of certain foods, binds to calcium as urine is being made by the kidneys. Both oxalate and calcium are increased when the body doesn't have enough fluids and also has too much salt. One treatment option is shock wave lithotripsy. This treatment uses shock waves to break up the kidney stones into small pieces. After the treatment, the small pieces of the kidney stone will pass through your urinary tract and out of your body with your urine.
This treatment usually takes 45 minutes to one hour and may be done under general anesthesia, which means you will be asleep and unable to feel pain. Another treatment option is ureteroscopy.
This treatment is also done under general anesthesia. The doctor uses a long tool shaped like a tube to find and remove the stone or to find and break the stone into small pieces. If the stone is small, the doctor may be able to remove it. If it is large, it may need to be broken into pieces.
In this case, a laser will be used to break the stone into pieces that are small enough to pass through your urinary tract. In rare cases, a surgery called percutaneous nephrolithotomy is needed to remove a kidney stone.
During the surgery, a tube will be inserted directly into your kidney to remove the stone. Many foods and beverages have calcium in them. Some foods and beverages that might be easy to include on a daily basis with meals are:. Eating at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily is recommended for all people who form kidney stones.
Eating fruits and vegetables give you potassium, fiber, magnesium, antioxidants, phytate and citrate, all of which may help keep stones from forming. A serving means one piece of fruit or one potato or one cup of raw vegetables.
If you are worried you may not be eating the right amount of fruits and vegetables, talk to your health care provider about what will be best for you. This recommendation is for patients with high urine oxalate.
Eating calcium-rich foods see table above with meals can often control the oxalate level in your urine. Urinary oxalate is controlled because eating calcium lowers the oxalate level in your body. But if doing that does not control your urine oxalate, you may be asked to eat less of certain high-oxalate foods. Nearly all plant foods have oxalate, but a few foods contain a lot of it. These include spinach, rhubarb and almonds.
It is usually not necessary to completely stop eating foods that contain oxalate. This needs to be determined individually and depends on why your oxalate levels are high in the first place. If you make cystine or calcium oxalate stones and your urine uric acid is high, your health care provider may tell you to eat less animal protein.
If your health care provider thinks your diet is increasing your risk for stones, he or she will tell you to eat less meat, fish, seafood, poultry, pork, lamb, mutton and game meat than you eat now.
This might mean eating these foods once or twice rather than two or three times a day, fewer times during the week, or eating smaller portions when you do eat them. The amount to limit depends on how much you eat now and how much your diet is affecting your uric acid levels.
Changing your diet and increasing fluids may not be enough to prevent stones from forming. Your health care provider may give you medications to take to help with this. The type of stone and the urine abnormalities you have will help your health care provider decide if you need medicine and which medicine is best. Common medications include:. Thiazides lower urine calcium by helping the kidney take calcium out of the urine and put it back in the blood stream.
When taking thiazides, you need to limit how much salt you take in, as these medications work best when urine sodium is low. Potassium citrate makes the urine less acidic or more alkaline basic. This helps prevent cystine and uric acid stones. It also raises the citrate level in the urine, helping to prevent calcium stones. Allopurinol not only lowers the level of uric acid in the blood but also in the urine, so it may also be prescribed to help prevent calcium and uric acid stones.
These stones form because of repeated urinary tract infections UTI. AHA makes the urine unfavorable for struvite stones to form. The best way to prevent stuvite stones is to prevent repeated UTIs caused by specific types of bacteria and to completely remove the stones with surgery.
These medications d-penicillamine or tiopronin bind to cystine in the urine and form a compound that is less likely than cystine to crystallize in the urine. This drug is used when other measures fail, such as raising fluid intake, reducing salt intake or using potassium citrate.
Your health care provider and a dietitian may be good sources of information about over-the-counter nutritional supplements. Like the horns of a stag deer , these stones get their name from the shape they take as they grow to fill the inside of the kidney. Staghorn stones often form because of repeated urinary tract infections UTIs with certain kinds of bacteria. Even though they can grow to a large size, you may have no idea you have them because they cause little or no pain.
A staghorn stone can lead to poor kidney function, even without blocking the passage of urine. Kidney stones are more common in people who have a family member with kidney stones. Some conditions that cause stones may be inherited. But sometimes kidney stones form in relatives because of similar diet and lifestyle. Yes, but rarely. Kidney stones can cause damage if they cause repeated or serious infection or cause kidney blockage for a long time.
Some stones, if left untreated, can cause the kidney to stop working. During treatment, your health care provider may ask you to do another hour urine collection and have your blood work checked to see if your urine test results have improved. Your health care provider will also check to see if you are having any side effects from your medications. If you form stones often, you will need monitoring with X-rays and urine studies to be sure no new stones are forming. Your health care provider will monitor you to make sure your medications and diet changes are working.
Diet changes recommended for heart conditions also often help prevent stones. A healthy diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables and less animal protein and salt can help avoid stones and other conditions. You can learn more from your health care provider or dietician. Keeping a normal weight can also help avoid diabetes and stones. If a stone in the ureter does not pass in a reasonable time or is causing pain or infection, you will need surgery to remove it.
You may get another stone even if you've had surgery, changed your diet or are taking medications. However, with the right dietary and medical treatment, you can be less likely to get stones over and over again.
Kidney stones are on the rise. Listen to this minute podcast featuring Dr. Kidney stones, medically know as nephrolithiasis neph-ro-lith-i-asis , is a term many people have probably heard before.
You may have dealt with them first-hand, know someone who has dealt with them, or simply heard it in passing. Read the latest issue of Urology Health extra, the Urology Care Foundations patient-focused magazine. This web site has been optimized for user experience and security, therefore Internet Explorer IE is not a recommended browser. Thank you. Urology A-Z Kidney Stones. What are Kidney Stones? The Kidneys and Urinary System The kidneys are fist-size organs that handle the body's fluid and chemical levels.
Urinating more often or a burning feeling during urination. Urine that is dark or red due to blood. Sometimes urine has only small amounts of red blood cells that can't be seen with the naked eye. Nausea and vomiting. For men, you may feel pain at the tip of the penis. Low Urine Volume A major risk factor for kidney stones is constant low urine volume. Diet Diet can also affect the chance of forming a stone.
Bowel Conditions Certain bowel conditions that cause diarrhea such as Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis or surgeries such as gastric bypass surgery can raise the risk of forming calcium oxalate kidney stones.
Obesity Obesity is a risk factor for stones. Medical conditions Some medical conditions have an increased risk of kidney stones. Medication Some medications, and calcium and vitamin C supplements, may increase your risk of forming stones. Family History The chance of having kidney stones is much higher if you have a family history of stones, such as a parent or sibling. Ninety per cent of stones pass by themselves within three to six weeks. In this situation, the only treatment required is pain relief.
However, pain can be so severe that hospital admission and very strong pain-relieving medication may be needed. Always seek immediate medical attention if you are suffering strong pain. Small stones in the kidney do not usually cause problems, so there is often no need to remove them. A doctor specialising in the treatment of kidney stones is the best person to advise you on treatment.
New surgical techniques have reduced hospital stay time to as little as 48 hours. Treatments include:. For most people with recurrent calcium stones, a combination of drinking enough fluids, avoiding urinary infections, and specific treatment with medications will significantly reduce or stop new stone formation.
Certain medications such as thiazide diuretics or indapamide reduce calcium excretion and decrease the chance of another calcium stone. Potassium citrate such as Hydralyte, Pedialyte and Urocit-K or citric juices are used to supplement thiazide treatment and are used by themselves for some conditions where the urine is too acidic. For people who have a high level of uric acid in their urine, or who make uric acid stones, the medication allopurinol will usually stop the formation of new stones.
A kidney stone can form when substances such as calcium, oxalate, cystine or uric acid are at high levels in the urine, although stones can form even if these chemicals are at normal levels. Medications used for treating some medical conditions such as kidney disease, cancer or HIV can also increase your risk of developing kidney stones.
A small number of people get kidney stones because of certain medical conditions that lead to high levels of calcium, oxalate, cystine or uric acid in the body. Many kidney stones are discovered by chance during examinations for other conditions. Urine and blood tests can help with finding out the cause of the stone. Further tests may include:.
If you pass a stone, collect it and take it to your doctor for analysis. Analysis of a stone can help to determine what type it is, what caused it to form, what treatment to provide, and how to prevent formation of further stones in the future.
Kidney stones can range in size from a grain of sand to that of a pearl or even larger. They can be smooth or jagged, and are usually yellow or brown. A large stone may get stuck in the urinary system.
This can block the flow of urine and may cause strong pain. Kidney stones can cause permanent kidney damage. Stones also increase the risk of urinary and kidney infection, which can result in germs spreading into the bloodstream.
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