The positive impacts regular exercise has on the brain reduces the risk young people face of self-medicating with substances seeking relief from stress and mental health disorders. Results from the National Institute on Drug Abuse survey indicate that high school students who exercise regularly are less likely than sedentary teens to smoke cigarettes or abuse marijuana.
The reduced risk of substance use through team sports participation is also likely impacted by the fact that students who choose to exercise regularly and enjoy team activities are more likely to make healthy decisions in general. Being surrounded by a healthy community of teammates, coaches, and other social aspects of participation in organized sports also maintains a network of support from others making healthy life decisions.
Participation in sports for children and teens also requires them to learn vital time management skills, and offers them a range of appealing challenges. Physical activities provide young people healthy opportunities to learn skills, take risks, and achieve goals.
In recent years our nation has been in the grips of an opioid epidemic, and it has been particularly devastating amongst young people.. Teens may be at risk after being prescribed opioid medications as a result of a sports injury. Some teenage athletes who receive painkillers through a prescription may get into trouble by unintentionally or thoughtlessly misusing them.
They may begin taking more pills than their doctor recommends in order to increase the effects of the drugs. They may continue taking the painkillers longer than they have been advised to in order to treat minor pains that do not require such strong medications. Teenage athletes are among the most vulnerable to sports injuries, and this can open the door to abuse of pain medications such as Vicodin and Percocet either prescribed or unprescribed.
Use of these drugs in turn makes teens more vulnerable to addiction. Any time a person is prescribed pain medications for an injury, it is vital to ask the prescribing physician about non-opioid pain relief. If opioids must be taken for medical purposes, it is important to monitor the use of any pain medications to ensure they are taken as prescribed and only for the prescribed period of time. Adults need to keep all pain medications in a secure, locked place that is inaccessible to children and teens, and safely dispose of any unused medications.
Making sure your child naturally incorporates exercise into their life is a mixture of several things: leading by example, doing sports together, keeping it fun and encouraging instead of forcing sports. If your child sees you lazing on the couch watching TV all day, then they will have little reason to believe that exercise is truly an important part of life.
Start proving the value of sports by participating in them yourself. There are many ways to demonstrate the importance of physical activity and sports, and most of them will benefit you as much as your child. The benefits of tossing a baseball around or playing basketball together go well beyond quality time spent together.
This paper systematically examines published and unpublished qualitative research studies of UK children's and adults' reasons for participation and non-participation in sport and physical activity. The review covers peer reviewed and gray literature from to Papers were entered into review if they: aimed to explore the participants' experiences of sport and physical activity and reasons for participation or non-participation in sport and physical activity, collected information on participants who lived in the United Kingdom and presented data collected using qualitative methods.
The majority of these reported research with young people based in community settings. Weight management, social interaction and enjoyment were common reasons for participation in sport and physical activity. Concerns about maintaining a slim body shape motivated participation among young girls.
Older people identified the importance of sport and physical activity in staving off the effects of aging and providing a social support network. Challenges to identity such as having to show others an unfit body, lacking confidence and competence in core skills or appearing overly masculine were barriers to participation.
It is generally accepted that physical activity confers benefits to psychosocial health, functional ability and general quality of life [ 1 ] and has been proven to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease [ 2 ] and some cancers [ 3 ]. Conditions associated with physical inactivity include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, back pain, poor joint mobility and psychosocial problems [ 5—7 ].
Physical inactivity is a major public health challenge in the developed world and is recognized as a global epidemic [ 8 ]. The Health Survey for England HSE [ 13 ] found that the number of physically inactive people less than one occasion of min activity per week was increasing and that this trend was consistent for both genders and across all age groups [ 14 ].
Conventionally, sport and forms of physical activity such as aerobics, running or gym work have been the focus of efforts to increase population activity levels. The HSE measure includes activities, such as gardening and housework, which are not traditionally considered as physical activity.
Sport England found that in the year period between and participation in traditional types of sport and physical activity stagnated or fell in all groups other than the to year old age group. This trend was socially patterned by gender, socio-economic status, social class and ethnicity [ 15 ].
There are many broad influences upon physical activity behavior including intra-personal, social, environmental factors and these determinants vary across the life course [ 4 ]. Ambitious national targets and increased funding of community sport and physical activity projects such as the Sports Hub in Regent's Park, London [ 16 ] show that sport and physical activity is gaining social, political and health policy importance.
The increased interest in physical activity is welcome, but the trend data hints that current interventions to promote sport and physical activity are inadequate. Further, it questions whether the evidence base supporting physical activity policy provides an adequate understanding of the reasons for participation or non-participation in physical activity. Historically, research into determinants of sport and physical activity participation has tended to adopt quantitative methods, which undertake cross-sectional surveys of pre-determined questions on individual's knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about sport and physical activity.
For example, the HSE [ 13 ] asks adults about activity in five domains: activity at work, activity at home e. Large studies such as these can successfully assess the direction and strength of trends in participation but are unable to explain how children and adults adopt, maintain or cease to participate in sport and physical activity throughout their lives. An alternative approach is required which is sensitive to the contextual, social, economic and cultural factors which influence participation in physical activity [ 17 ].
Qualitative methods offer this in-depth insight into individuals' experiences and perceptions of the motives and barriers to participation in sport and physical activity [ 18 ] and are recognized as increasingly important in developing the evidence base for public health [ 19 ]. Although qualitative research is a blanket term for a wide range of approaches, this type of research typically aims to understand the meaning of individual experience within social context.
The data for qualitative studies often come from repeated interviews or focus groups, are generally more in-depth and have fewer participants than quantitative research. Additionally, the inductive nature of qualitative research allows for theory to emerge from the lived experiences of research participants rather than the pre-determined hypotheses testing of quantitative approaches. This paper aims to systematically examine published and unpublished qualitative research studies which have examined UK children's and adults' reasons for participation and non-participation in sport and physical activity.
The review of qualitative research covered the period from to This year period was considered adequate to cover the most recent research on barriers and motivation to participation in sport and physical activity. Research papers were sourced in three ways. Second, relevant references from published literature were followed up and included where they met inclusion criteria. This third step ensures inclusion of papers which may not be submitted to peer review journals including reports for government bodies such as Sport England or the Department of Health.
Papers which met the following criteria were entered into the next phase of the review:. Two researchers GC and SA reviewed each paper independently. Results were compared and discrepancies discussed.
Data were extracted using a review schema developed by the research team. In most cases, the original author's own words were used in an attempt to convey the intended meaning and to allow for more realistic comparison between studies.
More than papers were identified by the initial search strategy. A total of 24 papers were accepted into the final stage of the review, with all but two published during or after Half of the papers 12 reported research where data were collected in community settings. Of the others, four were set in general physician GP referral schemes in which GPs refer patients to physical activity groups , three in schools, two in sports and leisure clubs and one in a group of three national sports governing bodies.
Table I shows that studies described participants by socio-economic status working class, low income, private or public patient , ethnicity South Asian and Black in one study, or Scottish, Pakistani, Chinese, Bangladeshi in another and level of exercise Elite or other, participant or non-participant.
Almost two-thirds of papers 15 did not specify a theoretical framework. Of the nine that did, three used grounded theory, three used a feminist framework, one used figurational sociology, one used gender relations theory and one used Sidentop's model of participation.
The age profile of participants was described in different ways although some grouping was possible Table I. The results are organized in two sections: reasons for participation in physical activity and barriers to participation in physical activity.
Within each section, results are presented in order of the age group which participated in the study. Table II summarizes the main findings of this review. Although most people recognized that there were health benefits associated with physical activity, this was not the main reason for participation.
Other factors such as weight management, enjoyment, social interaction and support were more common reasons for people being physically active.
Participation for young children was found to be more enjoyable when children were not being forced to compete and win, but encouraged to experiment with different activities. MacPhail et al. Enjoyment and support from parents were also crucial [ 22 ].
Parents play a large role in enabling young children opportunities to be physically active and Bostock [ 23 ] found that mothers with young children discouraged their children from playing in an environment perceived as unsafe. Concerns about body shape and weight management were the main reasons for the participation of young girls. A number of studies [ 25—27 ] reported pressure to conform to popular ideals of beauty as important reasons for teenage girls being physically active.
Flintoff and Scraton [ 28 ] interviewed very active girls who described having learnt new skills, increased self-esteem, improved fitness and developed new social networks as motivation to be physically active. Those who continued participating through these transitionary periods recalled the importance of positive influences at school in becoming and staying physically active.
For girls, having peers to share their active time with was important. A wide range of adults were studied including patients in GP referral schemes, gay and disabled groups, runners and South Asian and Black communities. Non-exercisers recalled negative school experiences as reasons for not participating into middle age [ 31 ].
Studies of GP exercise referral schemes found that the medical sanctioning of programs was a great motivator for participation [ 32 ]. Other benefits reported by referral scheme participants were the social support network created and the general health benefits of being active [ 30 , 33 ].
Among disabled men, exercise provided an opportunity to positively reinterpret their role following a disabling injury [ 34 ]. For this group, displaying and confirming their status as active and competitive was beneficial.
Participants in this study described the support network offered by participation as the real value of physical activity and sport. In particular, meeting other disabled men and sharing similar experiences was a key motivator. The building of skills and confidence was another motive for disabled men's participation in sport [ 35 ].
The enjoyment and social networks offered by sport and physical activity are clearly important motivators for many different groups of people aged between 18 and 50 years.
The reasons for participation can, however, differ subtly between people within a single group. Runners were elite members of the club and were motivated by intense competition and winning. Conversely, joggers did not consider themselves competitive in races but aimed to better their own previous best time. Joggers were more motivated by the health benefits of running and the increased status afforded to them by non-exercisers who saw them as fit and healthy.
Hardcastle and Taylor [ 37 ] suggest that a complex interplay of physical, psychological and environmental factors influence participation among older people. Older adults identified the health benefits of physical activity in terms of reducing the effects of aging and being fit and able to play with grandchildren [ 38 ].
While GP referrals [ 32 , 39 ] encouraged the uptake of exercise in older age groups participation appears to be maintained through enjoyment and strong social networks. This diversity of focus and methodology limited the extent of synthesis and precluded meta-analysis. Most studies were cross-sectional and used self-report measures.
Therefore results should be interpreted with caution, and any conclusions regarding causation are conjectural. There is substantive evidence of many different psychological and social health benefits of participation in sport by children and adolescents. Furthermore, there is a general consensus that participation in sport for children and adolescence is associated with improved psychological and social health, above and beyond other forms of leisure-time PA.
More specifically, there are reports that participation in team sports rather than individual activities is associated with better health. It is conjectured that this is due to the social nature of team sport, and that the health benefits are enhanced through positive involvement of peers and adults.
However, the research is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies. In light of the research evidence, acknowledging that research to date is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies, it is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time PA for children and adolescents; in an effort to not only improve the obesity crisis associated with low PA levels, but to enhance other psychological and social health outcomes.
It is also recommended that the causal link between participation in sport and health be further investigated and the conceptual model of health through sport tested.
Furthermore, in light of the fact that our assessment of the quality of the studies to date has revealed considerable variation in study quality, it is recommended that researchers should give more attention to protocols such as CONSORT [ 71 ] and STROBE [ 72 ] in order to ensure high levels of methodological rigor in future studies.
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Bull World Health Organ. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Rochelle M Eime. RME contributed to the study design, the review of literature, analysis of literature, model conceptualisation, manuscript conceptualisation and preparation.
JAY contributed to the study design, the review of literature, analysis of literature, model conceptualisation, manuscript conceptualisation and preparation.
JTH contributed to analysis of literature, model conceptualisation and representation, and manuscript preparation. MJC contributed to analysis of study quality and critical review of the manuscript. WRP contributed to the study design and critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions. Eime, R. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Download citation. Received : 10 December Accepted : 12 August Published : 15 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background There are specific guidelines regarding the level of physical activity PA required to provide health benefits.
Methods A systematic review of 14 electronic databases was conducted in June , and studies published since were considered for inclusion. Results A total of publications were initially identified, of which 30 met the selection criteria. Conclusion It is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time PA for children and adolescents, in an effort to not only improve physical health in relation to such matters as the obesity crisis, but also to enhance psychological and social health outcomes.
Background Regular participation in physical activity PA is imperative for good health. Methods The criteria for considering studies for this review were as follows.
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