The most frequently used escalation applications are in private sector collective bargaining agreements, rental contracts, insurance policies with automatic inflation protection, and alimony and child support payments. The following are general guidelines to consider when developing an escalation agreement using the CPI:.
Define clearly the base payment rent, wage rate, alimony, child support, or other value that is subject to escalation. Identify precisely which CPI index series will be used to escalate the base payment.
City Average, West Region, Chicago, etc. Specify a reference period from which changes in the CPI will be measured. This is usually a single month the CPI does not correspond to a specific day or week of the month , or an annual average. There is about a two-week lag from the reference month to the date on which the index is released that is, the CPI for May is released in mid-June. The CPIs for most metropolitan areas are not published as frequently as are the data for the U.
City Average and the four regions. Indexes for the U. City Average, the four regions, nine divisions, two city-size classes, eight region-by-size classes, and three major metropolitan areas Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York are published monthly. Indexes for the remaining 20 published metropolitan areas are available only on a bimonthly basis. Contact BLS for information on the frequency of publication for the 23 metropolitan areas. Adjustments are usually made at fixed intervals, such as quarterly, semiannually, or, most often, annually.
Determine the formula for the adjustment calculation. The Pensioner and Beneficiary Living Cost Index PBLCI was introduced in the June quarter and is a measure of the effect of changes in prices on the out-of-pocket living expenses experienced by the following two groups of households in the Australian population: Age pensioner households, and Other government transfer recipient households. For the latest statistics on living cost indexes, refer to the product Selected Living Cost Indexes, Australia cat.
The HES collects detailed information about the expenditure, income, assets, liabilities and household characteristics from a sample of just under 8, households resident in private dwellings in the eight capital cities.
In addition to the HES, market expenditure and sales data is routinely monitored and applied to ensure the price samples continue to be representative below the published level of data. The basket contains representative items actually acquired by households. The actual items priced for the CPI basket are determined based on a number of factors.
Items: must be representative of purchases made by the CPI population group; must be identifiable and specific commodities or services e. For practical reasons, the basket cannot include every item bought by households, but those it does include are carefully selected to represent the range of goods and services actually acquired by households. Selection is made only after obtaining detailed information about the buying habits of households, such as varieties and brands.
The items selected should be representative, so that the index will reflect the price changes for a much wider range of goods and services than is actually priced. Typical examples of the types of goods and services represented in the basket can be found in A Guide to the Consumer Price Index: 17th Series, cat.
The collection of prices in each capital city is carried out by trained ABS staff operating out of the various State and Territory offices of the ABS, while some prices are collected as administrative datasets or special surveys. Transactions data was introduced into the CPI in the March quarter and is predominantly used for food and non-alcoholic beverages, tobacco, automotive fuel, and non-durable household goods.
This new method, known as a multilateral index method, utilises a census of products available from transactions datasets, and weights products at the elementary level by expenditure share. Prices are collected in the same kinds of retail outlets, and other places, where consumers purchase their goods and services.
For each item selected for pricing, the main types of outlets from which households buy the items need to be identified so that a representative sample of these outlets can be selected. Examples of these outlets include supermarkets, department stores, hotels, motor vehicle dealerships, schools, child care centres and on-line websites.
The prices used in the CPI are those that any member of the public would have to pay to purchase the specified good or service. Similarly, prices are adjusted by any subsidy or assistance provided directly by government e.
Child Care Benefit, Medicare. Sale prices, discount prices and 'specials' are reflected in the CPI so long as the items concerned are of normal quality i. Any concessions available to particular groups of the population such as age pensioners are also taken into account where significant.
Where an item is priced over the internet, any delivery or processing charges payable are included in the price. The frequency of price collection by item varies as necessary to obtain reliable price measures. Prices of some items are volatile i. Each month prices are collected at regular intervals for goods such as clothing and footwear, alcohol, and domestic and overseas airline tickets.
In the case of transactions data, revenue and quantity data are collected on a weekly basis. For most other items price volatility is not a problem and prices are collected once a quarter. There are a few items where prices are changed at infrequent intervals, for example education services where prices are set once a year. In these cases the frequency of price collection is modified accordingly.
This price is referred to as a product unit value and represents the average price paid by consumers over a particular period e. The approach adopted was a 'direct replacement' of observed point-in-time prices with a unit value calculated from the transactions data. The ABS applied this approach until the September quarter The HES will continue to be used as the primary data source for re-weighting the CPI in the years where it is available. Each quarter, almost , separate price quotations are used in the calculation of the CPI, with data being collected by trained and experienced ABS staff and other sources such as transactions and administrative data for a representative range of goods and services that Australian households acquire.
The changes in price of these goods and services are combined with actual expenditure data of Australian households to calculate the overall price change in the quarter. Like any other long-standing and important statistical series, the CPI is reviewed and updated periodically to ensure that it continues to meet community needs.
The timing of these reviews has generally been linked to the results from the Household Expenditure Survey, Australia, Summary of Results cat. An important objective of these reviews is to update the weights in the CPI to reflect the goods and services purchased by Australian households. They also provide an opportunity to reassess the scope and coverage of the index and other methodological issues. The last review of the CPI was the 17th series, undertaken in and implemented in respect of the December quarter issue.
The 17th series review was a minor review of the CPI, consisting of an update of the upper level expenditure class weights in line with the HES, and a simple examination of structures and methodologies. For further information regarding the changes in the 17th series, refer to: Information Paper: Introduction of the 17th Series Australian Consumer Price Index, cat.
The CPI aims to measure price changes for a fixed basket of goods and services over time. In the real world, however, things don't remain constant - manufacturers and service providers are continually changing their products and services which may result in an improvement or degradation in quality. One challenge in compiling the CPI is to have it only measure any product price change excluding the effects of any quality change.
Quality adjustments are the main procedure for ensuring continuity of consistent quality in the basket of goods and services over time. Examples of changes in quality might include: changes in package size or content of food, such as breakfast cereals; a change in the alcoholic content or size of bottles of spirits; changes to material or detailing of clothing; changes in motoring performance, economy, comfort, safety or durability of motor vehicles; and changes in the frequency of public transport.
The CPI measures changes in final transaction prices actually paid by Australian households. The prices collected in the CPI include taxes where they are tied to the level of consumption of a specific good or service.
Examples of taxes which are included in the CPI include: Goods and Services Tax GST ; Excise duty charged on alcohol and tobacco products; Taxes on transfers of goods or services such as stamp duty on the transfer of property are included in 'Other financial services'; and Tariffs on motor vehicles such as sales and excise taxes. Local government rates and charges are also included in the Australian CPI as they are examples of inescapable costs associated with home ownership.
Census we select the urban areas from which data on prices are collected. Next, another sample of about 14, families each year serves as the basis for a Telephone Point-of-Purchase Survey TPOPS that identifies the places where households purchase various types of goods and services, forming the basis for the CPI outlet sample.
Recorded price changes are weighted by the importance of the item in the spending patterns of the appropriate population group. The combination of carefully selected geographic areas, retail establishments, commodities and services, and associated weight, gives a weighted measurement of price change for all items in all outlets, in all areas priced for the CPI.
The CPI affects nearly all Americans because of the many ways it is used. Some examples of how it is used follow:. As an economic indicator. The CPI is the most widely used measure of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator of the effectiveness of government economic policy. It provides information about price changes in the Nation's economy to government, business, labor, and private citizens and is used by them as a guide to making economic decisions.
As a deflator of other economic series. The CPI and its components are used to adjust other economic series for price changes and to translate these series into inflation-free dollars. Examples of series adjusted by the CPI include retail sales, hourly and weekly earnings, and components of the National Income and Product Accounts. The CPI is also used as a deflator of the value of the consumer's dollar to find its purchasing power.
The purchasing power of the consumer's dollar measures the change in the value to the consumer of goods and services that a dollar will buy at different dates. In other words, as prices increase, the purchasing power of the consumer's dollar declines.
As a means of adjusting dollar values. The CPI is often used to adjust consumers' income payments for example, Social Security , to adjust income eligibility levels for government assistance, and to automatically provide cost-of-living wage adjustments to millions of American workers. As a result of statutory action, the CPI affects the income of millions of Americans. Another example of how dollar values may be adjusted is the use of the CPI to adjust the Federal income tax structure.
These adjustments prevent inflation-induced increases in tax rates. In addition, eligibility criteria for millions of food stamp recipients, and children who eat lunch at school, are affected by changes in the CPI. Many collective bargaining agreements also tie wage increases to the CPI. The CPI reflects spending patterns for each of two population groups: all urban consumers and urban wage earners and clerical workers. The all urban consumer group represents about 93 percent of the total U.
It is based on the expenditures of almost all residents of urban or metropolitan areas, including professionals, the self-employed, the unemployed, and retired people, as well as urban wage earners and clerical workers. Not included in the CPI are the spending patterns of people living in rural nonmetropolitan areas, those in farm households, people in the Armed Forces, and those in institutions, such as prisons and mental hospitals.
The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers CPI-W is based on the expenditures of households included in the CPI-U definition that also meet two additional requirements: more than one-half of the household's income must come from clerical or wage occupations, and at least one of the household's earners must have been employed for at least 37 weeks during the previous 12 months. The CPI does not necessarily measure your own experience with price change.
It is important to understand that BLS bases the market baskets and pricing procedures for the CPI-U and CPI-W populations on the experience of the relevant average household, not of any specific family or individual. For example, if you spend a larger-than-average share of your budget on medical expenses, and medical care costs are increasing more rapidly than the cost of other items in the CPI market basket, your personal rate of inflation may exceed the increase in the CPI.
Conversely, if you heat your home with solar energy, and fuel prices are rising more rapidly than other items, you may experience less inflation than the general population does.
A national average reflects millions of individual price experiences; it seldom mirrors a particular consumer's experience. Many types of data are published as outputs from the CPI program; the most popular are indexes and percent changes. Requested less often are relative importance or relative expenditure weight data, base conversion factors to convert from one CPI reference period to another , seasonal factors the monthly factors used to convert unadjusted indexes into seasonally adjusted indexes , and average food and energy prices.
Index and price change data are available for the U. Indexes for various groupings of items are available for all geographic areas and size classes. Index levels are published along with short-term percent changes and month percent changes.
At the national item and group level, unadjusted and where appropriate seasonally adjusted percent changes are also published.
Average prices for select utility, automotive fuel, and food items are published at the U. If the sample size is sufficient, all average prices are also published monthly at the regional level. Average prices for utility gas, electricity, and automotive fuel prices are also published at the size class and area level. Congress amended the Social Security Act of with public law in Part of that amendment called for automatic annual cost of living increases to be made to Social Security payments based on the CPI.
BLS calculates the CPI-W and other CPI series, but we do not determine policy regarding how these series are used by other agencies, nor are we involved in making or adjusting Social Security payments. The CPI frequently is called a cost-of-living index, but it differs in important ways from a complete cost-of-living measure. We use a cost-of-living framework in making practical decisions about questions that arise in constructing the CPI.
A cost-of-living index is a conceptual measurement goal, however, and not a straightforward alternative to the CPI. A cost-of-living index would measure changes over time in the amount that consumers need to spend to reach a certain utility level or standard of living. Both the CPI and a cost-of-living index would reflect changes in the prices of goods and services, such as food and clothing that are directly purchased in the marketplace; but a complete cost-of-living index would go beyond this role to also take into account changes in other governmental or environmental factors that affect consumers' well-being.
It is very difficult to determine the proper treatment of public goods, such as safety and education, and other broad concerns, such as health, water quality, and crime, that would constitute a complete cost-of-living framework. Since the CPI does not attempt to quantify all the factors that affect the cost-of-living, it is sometimes termed a conditional cost-of-living index. Traditionally, the CPI was considered an upper bound on a cost-of-living index in that the CPI did not reflect the changes in buying or consumption patterns that consumers would make to adjust to relative price changes.
The ability to substitute means that the increase in the cost to consumers of maintaining their level of well-being tends to besome what less than the increase in the cost of the mix of goods and services they previously purchased. Since January , a geometric mean formula has been used to calculate most basic indexes within the CPI; in other words, the prices within most item categories for example, apples are averaged with the use of a geometric mean formula.
This improvement moves the CPI closer to a cost-of-living measure, because the geometric mean formula allows for a modest amount of consumer substitution as relative prices within item categories change. However, the expenditure data used to compute the final C-CPI-U isn't available until months after the reference month, so a preliminary estimate of the index is published and later revised.
The CPI represents all goods and services purchased for consumption by the reference population U or W. BLS has classified all expenditure items into more than categories, arranged into eight major groups food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, and other goods and services.
Included within these major groups are various government-charged user fees, such as water and sewerage charges, auto registration fees, and vehicle tolls. In addition, the CPI includes taxes such as sales and excise taxes that are directly associated with the prices of specific goods and services.
However, the CPI excludes taxes such as income and Social Security taxes not directly associated with the purchase of consumer goods and services. The CPI also does not include investment items, such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and life insurance because these items relate to savings, and not to day-to-day consumption expenses. For each of the item categories, using scientific statistical procedures, the Bureau has chosen samples of several hundred specific items within selected business establishments frequented by consumers to represent the thousands of varieties available in the marketplace.
For example, in a given supermarket, the Bureau may choose a plastic bag of golden delicious apples, U. BLS data collectors visit in person or on the web or call thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors' offices, all over the United States to obtain information on the prices of the thousands of items used to track and measure price changes in the CPI.
We record the prices of about 80, items each month, representing a scientifically selected sample of the prices paid by consumers for goods and services purchased. During each call or visit, the data collector collects price data on a specific good or service that was precisely defined during an earlier visit.
If the selected item is no longer available, or if there have been changes in the quality or quantity for example, a ounce container has been replaced by a ounce container of the good or service since the last time prices were collected, a new item is selected or the quality change in the current item is recorded.
Prices used to compute the CPI are collected during the entire month. CPI data is published monthly, with the index value representing an estimate of the price level for the month as a whole, rather than a specific date.
Since certain prices, particularly gasoline, might move sharply within a month, it is useful to understand the timing of price collection. A month is divided into three pricing periods, each period corresponding to roughly the first ten days, second ten days, or third ten days of the month.
When an item is initiated into the CPI sample, its pricing period is established, and it will be repriced during that same period until it exits the sample after four years. Data collectors have discretion within pricing periods, so they can collect quotes at any time during the period. So, it's not necessarily true that data collection is spread perfectly evenly through the month; however, roughly equal amounts of data are collected in each pricing period.
0コメント